The chemicals in this particular group of people are very slightly soluble in drinking water and incredibly a bit unpredictable ( ECHA, 2015a , LMC, 2013 , Chelating agents (www.familypark.org) OECD, 2009 ). Approximated Henry's Rules constants for your group of people (< 6.6 x 10-8 Pa-m3/mol) indicate very slight volatility from water and moist soil ( US EPA, 2008 ). The log Kow values available for the chemicals in this group ( ECHA, 2015a , LMC, 2013 , OECD, 2009 ) indicate moderate to high lipophilicity, which suggests limited mobility in soil. The chemicals in this group are expected to primarily remain in their compartment of release, with movement from the water to the sediment compartment increasing with lipophilicity.

The assumed uses of chemicals in this group in Australia and their release to sewers is supported by a recent analysis of wastewater entering a major municipal wastewater treatment plant in South Australia ( Liu, et al., 2012 ). This study quantified the levels of UV-UV and 326-329 in influent waters and determined the partitioning and removal of these contaminants at various stages within this tertiary treatment plant. Depending on the degradation and partitioning processes of chemicals in sewage treatment plants (STP), some fraction of the quantity of chemicals in wastewater entering STPs can be emitted to the air compartment, to river or oceans in treated effluent, or to soil through application of biosolids to agricultural land. Chemicals in this group may be released to sewer through routine cleaning of equipment used for the manufacture and application of surface coatings, or through the use of cosmetics and personal care products.

Available international use data indicate that the chemicals in this group are used in a variety of industrial applications, including in surface coatings (primarily automotive paint), in rubber and plastics. Two additional chemicals in this group (UV-327 and UV-350) are identified as Monitoring Chemical Substances under the CSCL. Class I Specified Substances are identified as persistent, highly bioaccumulative substances which pose a risk of long-term toxicity to humans or top predator animals ( NITE, 2016 ). Permission is required to introduce these chemicals ( METI, 2010 ).

For UV-320 and UV-328, potential toxicity in humans resulted in additional categorisation of these chemicals as Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic (PBT) substances. Four chemicals in this group (UV-320, UV-327, UV-328 and UV-350) have been identified as Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC) under the Restriction, Registration, Authorisation and Evaluation of Chemicals (REACH) legislation based on their very persistent and very bioaccumulative properties. All chemicals in this group (except UV-PS) were categorised during the Categorization of the Canadian Domestic Substances List (DSL) ( Environment Canada, 2013a ). Five chemicals (UV-234, UV-326, UV-328, UV-329 and UV-350) were categorised as not Persistent (P), but Bioaccumulative (B) and Inherently Toxic to the Environment (iTE) ( Environment Canada, 2013a ). With the exception of UV-328, these chemicals are currently prioritised for further assessment ( Environment Canada, 2013b ). One chemical (UV-327) was categorised as P, but not B and not iTE.

The industrial use of the chemicals in this group is not subject to any specific national environmental regulations.